| 1 |
Author(s):
Nutrition Society of Nigeria.
Page No : 1-8
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Large scale food fortification in Nigeria: Opportunities and challenges: A position of the Nutrition Society of Nigeria
Abstract
Food fortification is widely identified as a cost-effective strategy for addressing micronutrient malnutrition
at scale. In Nigeria, food fortification with a focus on vitamin A, iron, zinc, iodine, and other micronutrient
remains a major thrust of the effort to eliminate micronutrient malnutrition. Though the step is laudable,
the persisting high burden of micronutrient malnutrition suggests the need to re-think the design and
implementation of the fortification programmes. This re-thinking and revision of strategy are premised on
various conditions including irregular food consumption data and changing dietary patterns, poor
awareness of the benefits of fortified foods, poor compliance to fortification standards, and lack of
functional information system on food fortification, among others.
Based on the current understanding of the nutrition and food fortification landscape in Nigeria, the
Nutrition Society of Nigeria affirms that large-scale food fortification remains a cost-effective strategy to
promote a healthy diet and adequate micronutrient intakes and commends the efforts of the various
stakeholders especially the development partners and the government's promotion of enabling
environment. However, re-thinking the implementation strategy and overhauling the fortification
programme to ensure quality, transparency, and possibly digital transformation that can meet real-time
data needs to guide decision-making is essential. Thus, it is necessary to ascertain the commonly
consumed foods, the usually consumed portion sizes, and the current coverage of the various national
micronutrient deficiencies interventions; strengthen social marketing programmes on proper handling
and use of fortified foods; improve enforcement of compliance to fortifications standards; strengthen
National Nutrition Information Management System to include food fortification information; explore
strategies to increase the affordability of the premixes, and develop and implement a Monitoring and
Evaluation framework of food fortification programmes.
| 2 |
Author(s):
Afiaenyi, Ifeoma. C., Asadu, Kosiso. Q., Okafor, Adaobi. M.
Page No : 9-17
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Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors among Public Secondary School Teachers in Udenu Local Government Area, Enugu State
Abstract
Background: There is a sudden increase in cardiovascular risk in developing countries which has been
attributed to economic transition, urbanization, industrialization and globalization that brought about
changes in people's lifestyle.
Methods: Cross-sectional design was adopted for this study. The population for this study was five
hundred and sixty-five teachers while the sample for this study consisted of four hundred and seventyseven
teachers. Questionnaire was used to ascertain information on the sociodemographic
characteristics, dietary habit, physical activity level and lifestyle characteristics of the respondents. Body
mass index, blood pressure, blood glucose and lipid profile of the respondents were obtained using
standard proceduresData was analyzed using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) version 21.
Results: The results of the study showed the occurrence of some cardiovascular disease risk factors among
teachers. They included obesity (28.60%), hypertension (20.30%), diabetes (10.00%), dyslipidemia
(23.33%) and metabolic syndrome (10.00%). A good number of the respondents fall between the age
range of 30-39years (46.70%) and earned between ₦18,000 to ₦30,000 per month (54.30%). Majority
(83.00%) of the respondents were females. Female teachers were significantly more obese than the males.
Marital status showed a significant relationship with stress. BMI was significantly associated with age.
Diastolic blood pressure showed significant relationship with age.
Objective: The study was conducted to ascertain the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors
among public secondary school teachers in Udenu L.G.A. in Enugu state, Nigeria.
Methods: Cross-sectional design was adopted for this study. The population for this study was five
hundred and sixty-five teachers while the sample for this study consisted of four hundred and seventyseven
teachers. Questionnaire was used to ascertain information on the sociodemographic
characteristics, dietary habit, physical activity level and lifestyle characteristics of the respondents. Body
mass index, blood pressure, blood glucose and lipid profile of the respondents were obtained using
standard proceduresData was analyzed using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) version 21.
Results: The results of the study showed the occurrence of some cardiovascular disease risk factors among
teachers. They included obesity (28.60%), hypertension (20.30%), diabetes (10.00%), dyslipidemia
(23.33%) and metabolic syndrome (10.00%). A good number of the respondents fall between the age
range of 30-39years (46.70%) and earned between ₦18,000 to ₦30,000 per month (54.30%). Majority
(83.00%) of the respondents were females. Female teachers were significantly more obese than the males.
Marital status showed a significant relationship with stress. BMI was significantly associated with age.
Diastolic blood pressure showed significant relationship with age.
Conclusion: The prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors was high among the study participants.
Nutrition education is important among this group to help in preventing these risk factors and their
associated morbidities and consequent mortalities.
| 3 |
Author(s):
Ekumankama, Ijeoma-Oji Onu.
Page No : 18-26
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Phytochemical Composition of Ice Cream from Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus) milk and Coconut (Cocos nucifera ) Milk
Abstract
Background: Coconut and tiger nut are widely used for human consumption. Coconut milk and tiger nut
milk can be extracted for ice cream production.
Objective: This study determined the phytochemical composition of tiger nut milk (Cyperus esculentus)
and coconut milk (Cocos nucifera) ice cream.
Method: The research design was an experimental design. The tiger nuts and the endosperm of the
coconuts were ground separately. The milk extracted were used in preparing ice cream using standard
recipe. Cow milk ice cream served as the control. All the samples of ice cream were quantitatively screened
for phytochemical determination using standard methods. Mean and standard deviation were calculated
for all the samples. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare the means. Significant
differences were accepted at P<0.05 level of significance using Duncan's Multiple Range Test.
ABSTRACT
Results: The phytochemical analyses carried out on the ice creams from coconut milk, tiger nut milk and
blend of coconut milk and tiger nut milk (50:50) showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and
flavonoids in low concentration. Research results revealed significant differences in tannins content
among tiger nut ice cream (0.06 ± 0.00), coconut ice cream (0.01 ± 0.00) as well as their blend (0.03 ±
0.00) at P<0.05 level of significance. Tiger nut milk ice cream, coconut milk ice cream and their blends
contain flavonoids and alkaloids. However, saponins were present in the plant milk ice creams with the
exception of coconut milk ice-creams (0.00 ± 0.00).
Conclusion: Coconut milk, tiger nut milk and the blends of coconut milk and tiger nut milk have been
recommended for ice cream production due to their phytochemical constituents.
| 4 |
Author(s):
Adeoye Bayo Olufunso, Iyanda Abolape Ayobola, Oyerinde Ayodeji Michael, Oyeleke Ibukunoluwa Oyebimpe, Fadeyi Blessing Olayinka.
Page No : 27-32
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Inhibitory effects of Nigerian Sweet and Bitter Honey on Pancreatic Alpha Amylase Activity
Abstract
Background: Nigeria has the highest prevalence of diabetes in Sub - Saharan Africa. The relative
contraindications associated with conventional oral hypoglycemic drugs demand the search for
nutraceuticals as ideal alternatives.
Objective: In this study, we aimed at elucidating possible antiglycemic properties of Nigerian sweet
and bitter honey from Apis Mellifera Andasonii through the pathway of alpha amylase inhibition.
Method: The pH of the honey samples was determined using a digital pH meter (pHs-2F, Harris,
England). Standard assay methods using 3, 5 - dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) was used to analyse alpha
amylase activity invitro. The honey concentration which inhibited 50% alpha amylase activity (IC ) was 50
determined using the dose response curve. Data were analysed using student t-test on graph pad
prism 6.1.
Result: The sweet and bitter honey samples exhibited low pH values of 3.30 and 3.38 respectively.
The dose dependent inhibition of alpha amylase activity was significantly (p<0.05) higher in sweet
honey (94.73% at 1 mg/mL) than in bitter honey (92.06% at 1 mg/mL) with IC values of 0.157 ± 50
0.023 mg/mL and 0.255 ± 0.049 mg/mL respectively.
Conclusion: Both sweet and bitter honey varieties used for this study are potential new sources of
alpha amylase inhibitor. They can be appraised as novel indigenous functional foods for regulating
postprandial hyperglycemia.
| 5 |
Author(s):
Uche, Chinaza Precious, Umenne, Chinonye Maryrose.
Page No : 33-40
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Effect of Fermentation Period on the Nutrient and Anti- Nutrient Properties of Okpehe Seed (Prosopis Africana)
Abstract
Background:The intake of adequate nutrients had been known as a major determinant factor in fighting
chronic diseases. Fermentation increases the level of some nutrient, digestibility and bioavailability and
also decreases level of antinutrient, increase nutrient density and nutritional value.
Objective: This study evaluated the effect of different fermentation period on the chemical properties of
Okpehe seed.
Methods: The Okpehe sample was obtained from Ogige main market in Nsukka Local Government Area
of Enugu State, Nigeria. The seeds were prepared and allowed to ferment at different periods of 5days,
7days, 9days, 11days, and 14days. The plant samples were analyzed for proximate, vitamin, mineral and
anti-nutrient at the different fermentation periods using standard procedures.
Results: The result showed that fermentation significantly (P<0.05) increased the moisture, ash and
protein content of Okpehe with values ranging from 52.69 - 54.36 mg/100g, 2.37-2.45 mg/100g and
21.31-22.43 mg/100g respectively. On the minerals, Calcium was significantly (P<0.05) increased with
increased fermentation period with values ranging from 73.92-78.62 mg/100g with same trend for
Magnesium, Potassium, Phosphorus, Iron, Sodium and Zinc. For anti-nutrient and vitamins, the
fermentation of Okpehe significantly reduced the anti-nutrient and vitamin content of the samples.
Conclusion: The Okpehe seed could be used as alternative source of protein in the diet/protein
supplement. The study recommends among others that fermented Okpehe should be employed in the
food industry as they can be used in making food supplements that are rich in proteins and minerals.
| 6 |
Author(s):
Amoda Oyefunmilayo S., Oladosu Gbenga S., Olajide Bolanle R., John Ebenezer P., Onabanjo Oluseye O..
Page No : 41-50
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Nutritional Status and Adequacy of selected Micronutrients of Civil Servants in Ogun state, Nigeria
Abstract
Background: Inadequate micronutrient intake can have a negative impact on physical and mental
health causing several health consequences. People who are overweight or obese also fails to meet the
majority of micronutrient recommendations.
Objective: This study assessed the nutritional status and adequacy of selected micronutrients of civil
servants in Ogun State, Nigeria.
Methods: The study design was cross-sectional in design. The sample consisted of 250 civil servants. A
semi-structured questionnaire was used to determine the socio-demographic characteristics, family
medical history and nutrition knowledge of the respondents. Nutrient intakes were estimated from 24-
hour dietary recall and analyzed using Nutri-Survey software. Anthropometric measurements were
carried out to determine nutritional status. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics
using SPSS version 20. Statistical significance was established at p≤0.05.
Results: Prevalence of overweight and obesity was 39.2% and 11.6% respectively. One-third (32.8%) of
the population were at risk of cardiovascular diseases. Nutrient adequacy of micronutrients assessed were
low except phosphorus (89.6%), zinc (86.8%), iron (68.8%) and sodium (50.0%) which were in excess.
Macronutrients were above the recommended dietary allowances. A significance association (p<0.05)
was observed between some micronutrient adequacy ratio (folic acid, Vitamin A and Vitamin E) and
nutritional status assessed by Body Mass Index of the respondents.
Conclusion: Micronutrient intake was inadequate and prevalence of overweight and obesity were
higher than reported in previous studies. There is a need for nutrition education that emphasizes on
the consumption of micronutrient dense foods.
| 7 |
Author(s):
Dankat Charity Baliyat, Owolabi Olumuyiwa Adeyemi, Okolo Ijeoma.
Page No : 51-61
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Consumption pattern and standardization of some food recipes from Lima Bean in Kaduna State, Northwestern Nigeria.
Abstract
Background: Adequate nutrients are vital for healthy growth and development, in this regard, assessing
the nutrient content of foods is very essential. However, many Nigerian dishes are difficult to assess
because, they have not been standardized.
Objective: This study was carried out to assess the consumption frequency of lima bean foods and to
standardize the commonly consumed lima bean foods in Kaduna State.
Methods: A validated semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on the consumption
of lima bean foods. The study involved 400 households selected using a multi-stage sampling technique.
The means for each ingredient of commonly consumed foods were calculated from twenty randomly
selected recipes and then used for the preparation of the standardized foods. These foods were then
subjected to sensory analysis using standard procedures.
Results: Data revealed that only 54.3% of the population consumed lima bean foods, four out of ten
(23.1%) of the respondents consumed lima beans at least once to twice a week with 17.5% consuming only
once or occasionally per year. The most consumed lima bean foods in Kaduna state are lima bean porridge
(64.9%), followed by lima bean-benniseed (14.8%) and lima bean-hungry rice (11.5%). All the foods
scored more than 3, the benchmark for acceptability.
Conclusion: The three commonly consumed lima bean foods were considered acceptable. There is need
for an increase extension work in the utilization of lima bean foods to help in alleviating the effects of
malnutrition.
| 8 |
Author(s):
Deniran, Igbagboyemi Adesola, Balogun, Olanike Olubunmi, Jayeola Feyisayo.
Page No : 62-69
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Assessment of Body Mass Index of Tuberculosis Patients on Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
Abstract
This study assessed Body Mass Index (BMI) of tuberculosis patients on anti-tuberculosis drugs in Ibadan,
Oyo State, Nigeria. Cross-sectional study was conducted on 30 tuberculosis patients from Tuberculosis
Clinic, Molete, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. The demographic information was analyzed using descriptive
statistics while BMI was (BMI) was used to determine the anthropometry values of the respondents.
Inferential statistics was used to elucidate the relationship between demographic factors and BMI. Results
showed that mean age of respondents was 38 years, while 53.3% of the respondents were males. In
respect to education, most (46.7%) of the respondents had tertiary education and almost half (46.7%) of
the respondents engaged in private businesses. Most (33.3%) of the respondents weighed between 66–
72kg and about 33.3% of the respondents were within the height ranged from 1.53 – 1.60m and 1.66 –
1.70m respectively. Outcome of BMI revealed that over 70% of the respondents fell within the normal
2 2 weight group (18.5 – 24.9 kg/m ) while 26.7% were underweight (less than 18.5 kg/m ). Results further
showed that there was a significant relationship (p<0.05) between demographic factors (gender 0.048,
age 0.038, ethnicity 0.000, religion 0.035, household size 0.004, education, 0.006 and occupation
0.036) and BMI among tuberculosis patients in the study area; also there was a significant relationship
(p<0.05) between BMI and anti-tuberculosis drugs. Conclusively, findings revealed that occurrence of
tuberculosis was more among the males compared to the females. However, majority of the respondents
had normal weight based on the BMI outcome.
| 9 |
Author(s):
Ide, Toochukwu James Paulmiki, Essien, Nyakno Akpan, John, Ebenezer Peter, Odoh-Felix, Ukamaka Scholastica, Ndiokwelu, Chika Isabelle, Ene-Obong, Henrietta Nkechi.
Page No : 70-79
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Dietary Habits of Adult Residents of Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State, Nigeria
Abstract
Background: The food consumption habit of an individual or a group is an important factor in
determining the nutritional status and overall health of the individual or group.
Objective: The study was conducted to determine the dietary habits of adults residing in Calabar
Metropolis.
Methodology: The WHO standard questionnaire on dietary assessment and related surveys was used to
collect data on the dietary habits of adults within the age bracket of 20 – 70 years. The study sampled 500
respondents utilizing a multistage sampling technique. Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS)
version 22.0 was used for data analysis.
Results: There were more females (54.0%) than males (46.0 %) in the study. Majority (89.2%) of the
population were young and middle-aged adults (20-59 years). It was found that 39.4% of the respondents
went to work or market with meals prepared at home; proportion (44.2%) of those who went to work or
market with meals prepared at home did that occasionally. Remarkable proportions (31.4%) and (22.3%)
of the respondents respectively consumed snacks and sweetened beverages 3-7 times weekly, whereas
94% skipped one or more meals per day. About ninety-seven percent (96.8%) of the respondents
consumed foods very rich in oil/fat, spices/beverages had 100% consumption; even though vegetable
consumption was high (94.8%), fruit consumption was relatively low (27.8%).
Conclusion: The dietary habits of the population tilt towards an unhealthy end, calling for actions by the
nutrition stakeholders to create more awareness in the study area, encouraging the individuals to make
healthy food choices.
| 10 |
Author(s):
Anoshirike, C.O, Chukwuemeka E. N, Nnam M. N, Chikwendu, J. U, Anoshirike K.C.
Page No : 80-87
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Nutrient and Anti-Nutrient Composition of Cowpea (Vigna Biflorus) Flours Produced from Germination and Fermentation Process
Abstract
Background: Cowpea is a legume that is extensively grown across Africa. It is an important cheap nonanimal
protein. Processing of cowpea into flour could reduce post-harvest pest damage, improve nutrient
quality and increase diversity its uses. Although these practice are often underutilized in Nigeria.
Objective: The study evaluated the Nutrient and Anti-nutrient composition of cowpea (Vigna biflorus)
flours produced from germination and fermentation process.
Methods: The cowpea harvested from a farm in Ovoko, Igbo-Eze South LGA of Enugu State, Nigeria.
Cowpea grains were divided into three portions: unprocessed; germinated only; germinated and
fermented for 48hrs. After the three portions of the cowpea were separately, washed, drained, sundried
and milled into flours. Unprocessed cowpea flour (UCF); germinated cowpea flour (GCF); germinated and
fermented cowpea flour (GFCF). The samples were subjected to nutrients and antinutrients analysis using
standard methods. Data were analyzed using Statistical Product for Service Solution (SPSS) version 22.
Statistical analysis was done using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range tests was
used to compare the means.
Results: Results showed that GFCF had higher protein (20.99%); Fat (2.88%), Fibre (3.29%) and least
carbohydrate (68.43%), while UCF had higher ash content (2.98%). GFCF had higher zinc (0.12mg), iron
(3.93mg), calcium (3.52mg) and phosphorous (68.90mg). GFCF had reduced in Phytate 4.33mg; Tannins
(1.43); Hydrogen Cyanide (4.31); Oxalate (3.55); but increased in Saponin (0.13), respectively.
Conclusions: This study shows that germination and fermentation process of cowpea flour improve
the nutrient content and reduces the carbohydrate and anti nutrient contents of the cowpea flour.
| 11 |
Author(s):
Ezeocha, Chinelo Vanessa, Urenwoke, Amarachi Monica.
Page No : 88-98
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Phytochemical, Antioxidant Properties and Volatile Compounds of Tisanes Prepared From Aidan (Tetrapleura tetraptera) Fruit and Uziza (Piper guineense) Seeds
Abstract
Background: Some local herbs are still underexploited especially in the form of tisanes.
Objective: The present study aims to assess the potentials of Aidan (Tetrapleura tetraptera) fruit and Uziza
(Piper guineense) seeds in the production of tisanes and evaluate the phytochemical, antioxidant and
volatile compounds of the tisanes.
Background: Some local herbs are still underexploited especially in the form of tisanes.
ABSTRACT
Methods: Uziza seeds and Aidan fruits were sorted, washed, dried and milled before packaging in tea
bags (50 g per tea bag) while a commercial lemon grass and ginger tisane was used as control. The tisane
infusions were evaluated for their physicochemical, phytochemical, antioxidant, sensory properties and
volatile compounds using standard methods.
Results: The pH of the tisane extracts were slightly acidic (5.30 to 6.54), the saponin contents ranged from
0.05-0.14%, tannin from 22.91-24.33%, phenol from 1.75-2.92% and alkaloid from 3.15-5.39%. The
ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of uziza tisane (73.72mg/100g) was significantly higher than
that of aidan fruit (49.29mg/100g) and the control (57.26mg/100g). Forty eight volatile compounds
including hydrocarbons (mainly terpenes), aldehydes and alcohols were identified in the tisane samples
amongst which were piperine identified in uziza (0.66%) and Apiol in both uziza and aidan fruit (5.43%).
Uziza tisane was the least preferred in terms of the sensory parameters while the control was the most
preferred.
Conclusion: The study showed that uziza and aidan fruit can be used in the production of tisanes with
health promoting potentials.
| 12 |
Author(s):
Adegoke, Adekola, Ajala, Pelumi, Omohimi, Celestina, Adebowale, Abdul-rasaq, Kajihausa, Olatundun, Adekoyeni, Oludare, John, Ebenezer, Sanni, Lateef.
Page No : 99-109
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Evaluation of Physicochemical, Functional and Sensory Qualities of Ofada Rice (Oryza sativa L.)- Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam)-Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Cake
Abstract
Background: There is a compelling need to create suitable wheat alternative, as the demand and price
of wheat has been exacerbated by economic realities. Ofada rice-sweet potato-wheat flour mixes could
reduce overdependence on wheat flour and increase culinary and industrial utilization of ofada rice and
sweet potato.
Objective: This study aimed to make cake out of a combination of ofada rice-sweet potato-wheat flour
mixes and improve the nutritional content of the cake.
Methods: The flours were produced using standard laboratory procedures and their samples were
analyzed. The results of the chemical and organoleptic analyses were subjected to Analysis of Variance at
a significance level of 5% using SPSS.
Results: Moisture, ash, protein, fat, crude fiber, and carbohydrate contents varied from 30.23 to 36.08%,
2.05 to 2.43%, 5.29 to 6.08%, 17.21 to 21.36%, 2.95 to 5.88%, and 33.99 to 38.78%, respectively. The
functional characteristics (bulk density, water and oil absorption capacity, and foaming capacity) varied
from 0.61 to 0.81 g/ml, 139.07 to 168.2%, 120.51 to 126.59%, and 1.50 to 7.25%, respectively. However,
sensory evaluation results revealed that composite cake A, D, F, E and G were the best in overall
acceptability but, A, D, E and G were the best in volume and weight increase. The sensory analysis
revealed that the Sample D cake had similar values to the 100% wheat flour cake.
Conclusion: The cake samples were generally accepted and the wheat flour fortified with ofada rice and
sweet potato flours yielded high-quality cakes.
| 13 |
Author(s):
Ukegbu, Patricia Ogechi, Ortutu, Beulah Favour, Diara, Sochima, Uche Chinaza Precious, Ukegbu Andrew Ugwunna.
Page No : 110-121
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Hypertension and Associated Factors Among Community-Dwelling Rural Adults in Abia State, Nigeria
Abstract
Background: Hypertension is a growing public health problem in developing countries contributing to
morbidity and mortality of billions of adults worldwide.
Objective: The study aimed to assess the prevalence and factors associated with hypertension among
adults in rural communities of Ikwuano, Abia State, Nigeria.
Methods: A community-based descriptive cross-sectional survey in rural communities was conducted
among 429 apparently healthy adults aged 20 to 59 years using cluster sampling technique. Sociodemographic
information was obtained using a validated questionnaire. Blood Pressure (BP) and
anthropometric measurements were carried out following standard procedures. Hypertension was
defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) equal or greater than 140mmHg and/or diastolic BP (DBP) equal
or greater than 90mmHg. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess risk factors associated
with hypertension.
Results: The prevalence of hypertension was 51.0% (58.1% in males and 43.1% in females). Hypertension
was significantly associated with age, gender, marital status and BMI. In the adjusted model, older age
(>40 years) (OR=1.96; 95% CL1.03 to 3.72; p<0.04) and overweight/obesity (OR=2.55; 95% CL1.50to
4.34; p<0.001) were associated with higher odds of having hypertension. Females gender was associated
with lower odds of hypertension compared to males (OR=0.32; 95% CI 0.20 to 0.52; p<0.001).
Conclusion: The study showed a high prevalence of hypertension among rural community dwelling
adults, underscoring the need for routine screening of adults for early hypertension diagnosis.
| 14 |
Author(s):
Afieroho M.C, Asouzu A.I.
Page No : 122-133
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Therapeutic Diets for the Management of Diabetes and Arthritis among Adults using Selected Indigenous Foods as Recipes in Aluu Community, Rivers State
Abstract
Background: In the prevention and management of chronic diseases, intake of a healthy and adequate
indigenous diets are found to be essential hence the need for them to be prioritized.
Objective: This study prepared diets intended for the management of diseases such as diabetes and
arthritis, from developed recipes using selected indigenous foods and evaluated their nutrient
compositions.
Methods: Ten diets namely: sweet potatoes vegetable pudding (SPV), fried tapioca salad (FTS), vigna
pottage delicacy (VPD), steamed whole cowpea (SWC), pleurotus wheatmix flakes (PWF), corn garden
egg pudding (CGP), papaya fruit salad (PFS), savory star ginger fruitveg drink (SGF), pumpkin squash
cucumber salad (PSC) and avocado cucumber salad (ACS) were prepared from developed recipes. AOAC
analytical methods were used in determining the nutrient compositions. Sensory characteristics were done
using the nine point hedonic scales by 12 trained panelists. One way analysis of variance was used for
data analysis.
Results: The diets from developed recipes contained appreciable amount of nutrients especially vitamin
C, fiber and protein with PWF having the highest contents of fibre (1.68g/100g) and vitamin C
(68.15mg/100g). With reference to protein, SWC diet had the highest content (1.80g/100g). VPD had the
highest content of vitamin E (7.80mg/100g) and calcium (2.66mg/100g). The carbohydrate (2.30-
20.05g/100g) and fat (0.35-4.41g/100g) contents of the diets were low. The result also showed that SWC
has got highest acceptance by all sensory parameters except for its aroma.
Conclusion: The therapeutic diets developed and analysed in this study contained appreciable
amount of nutrients especially vitamin C, fiber and protein. A well combined indigenous foods could
be used for the management of diseases such as diabetes and arthritis and for improvement of
general nutritional status.
| 15 |
Author(s):
Okonkwo Elizabeth M, Iheme Gideon, Ezenwa Happiness C.,, Amaeze Chigozirim A.,, Ofoha Miracle I..
Page No : 134-143
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Breastfeeding Knowledge, Exclusive Breast-feeding Duration, and Perception of Insufficient Breast Milk Supply among Lactating Mothers in Ikwuano LGA of Abia State
Abstract
Background: The rate of exclusive breastfeeding in Nigeria is still suboptimal Mothers' breastfeeding
knowledge and perception of breast milk supply is integral to achieving optimum breastfeeding.
Objective: This study determined exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) knowledge, duration, and Perception of
Insufficient Milk Supply (PIMS) among lactating mothers in Ikwuano LGA.
Methods: Three hundred and fifty lactating mothers were randomly selected from five Primary Health
Care centers in Ikwuano LGA. A semi-structured questionnaire that comprised of socio-demographic
characteristics, EBF knowledge and practice questions and Perceived Insufficient Milk Supply scale was
used to elicit information from mother and infant (0-9 months) pairs. Data were analyzed using descriptive
statistics.
Results: Results revealed that 58% of mothers had a good EBF knowledge. The mean duration of exclusive
breastfeeding was 3 months and only 24.1% practiced exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months. About 54% of
the respondents perceived insufficient milk supply Mothers used less sensitive indicators such as infant
satiety cues and enough breast milk in the breast to identify PIMS, while sensitive indicators like weight
gain and wet diapers were less reported. Inadequate food and drink intake was found to be responsible
for most (65%) of mothers perceived reason for insufficient milk supply.
Conclusion: The duration of exclusive breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding rate was below the
national target. Improving mothers' breastfeeding knowledge and educating them on the correct way of
identifying insufficient milk supply are important determinants in achieving the six months EBF practices.
| 16 |
Author(s):
David, Ebuka Elijah, David, Chidinma Nnenne, Okonkwo, Eucharia, Obasi, Doris Olachi, Ogunwa, Shedrack Chinedu, Ejeje, Jerius Nkwuda, Onyemuche, Tochukwu Nnamdi, Ezennaya, Chidinma Felicia, Obeten, Uket Nta.
Page No : 144-154
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Risk of Bacterial infection from selected Fermented Milk Products in Abakaliki Metropolis
Abstract
Background: This study was aimed at evaluating the risk of bacterial infection from fermented fura de
nunu milk product consumed in Abakaliki metropolis.
Method:Twenty five (25) samples of nunu and fura de nunu each were purchased from different vendors
at Hausa Quarters' Market in Abakaliki metropolis. Bacteria were isolated using differential and selective
media and identified using standard biochemical tests. Molecular identification was performed by
amplification of 16S rDNA. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion
method.
Result: A total of 90 bacterial isolates from fura de nunu (56) and nunu (34) samples were isolated.
The total bacteria count and mean bacteria colony forming units were significantly higher (P≤0.05) in
fura de nunu (57±26.5), (11.4±5.3) than in nunu (24±14.1), (4.8±2.8) respectively. All the bacteria
isolates were resistant to cefotaxime, meropenem, amoxycilin–clavulanic acid and susceptible to
imipenem and gentamicin. Eighty five (94%) of the bacteria isolates were resistant to ceftriazone while
(6%) showed intermediate zone of inhibition. About 58% of the bacteria isolates were resistant to
sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprime, while 42% of the isolates showed susceptibility with multidrug
resistance observed in over 90% of the isolates. Out of 58 isolates used, 64% and 26% exhibited
hemolytic and hemmagutination properties.
Conclusion: It is evident that fura de nunu may be a source of different bacterial infections capable of
causing food-borne illnesses, food intoxication and gastroenteritis.
| 17 |
Author(s):
Onwumere Michael, Melody N. Modebelu.
Page No : 155-160
|
Evaluation of the Effect of Dried Rumen Digesta on Feed Intake and Growth Performance of Giant African Land Snail (Achatina achatina)
Abstract
Background: The seasonality of plant materials and the high cost of purchasing the ingredients and in
formulating snail feed are the factors that deter the rearing of snails. Effort should be directed towards
feeding snails with cheap and locally available, but rich feed ingredients to minimize the effect of high cost
of compounded feed, to ensure continuity of snail production all year round.
Objective: The study examined the effect of dried rumen digesta on feed intake and growth performance
of Giant African land snail (Achatina achatina).
Methods: The study adopted an experimental research with completely randomized design (CRD) while
simple random sampling technique was used to obtain forty-eight Giant African land snail was used as
sample for the study. The experimental diets were formulated using adjustable Pearson's square method of
feed formulation to contain dried rumen digesta at 0%, 5% and 10% inclusion level respectively. The feed
intake was measured by a weigh-back technique while the length and width were measured using Venier
caliper. One way Analysis of Variance ANOVA was used for the running of the analysis.
Results: The feed intake of Giant African land snail (Achatina achatina ) in treatment 2 ( T2) with 10%
rumen digesta showed the highest mean value of 121.05, showing that rumen digesta is useful as an
economic replacement for energy feed ingredients as cereals.
Conclusion: Extension agents should embark upon mass sensitization on benefits of feeding dried rumen
digesta to snails at the levels of 5-10% for a cost effective snail production.
| 18 |
Author(s):
Adeoye, B. K, Dada, G. O., Oyerinde, O. O, Akinlade, A. R, Esiaba, I..
Page No : 161-171
|
Weight Change, Haematology and Lipid Profile of Normal Male Wistar Rats Fed on High-Calorie Diet and Vegetables
Abstract
Background: The decline in vegetable consumption, some of which are gradually getting extinct because
of insufficient information on their health benefits, is a major factor for the rise in the incidence of
nutritional disorders.
Objective: Effect of Amaranthus hybridus, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Senecio biafrae and Corchorus
olitorius on the weight, haematology, and lipid profile of rats fed on high-calorie diet.
Methods: The study comprised of six groups of male Wistar rats. Positive control (A) was fed on regular
feed and water while the negative control (B) was fed a high-calorie diet. The four treatment groups were
given high-calorie diet along with 5 % of one of the four vegetables for five weeks respectively. The weights
of the rats were obtained before and after the experiment. The feed and water consumption of the rats
were recorded daily. The haematology and the lipid profile were determined at the end of the experiment.
Results: The composition of the feeds was significantly different (p<0.05). The mean weekly water intake
(332 ml) and feed consumption (92 g) of the positive control were not significantly different while its mean
weight change (22 g) was significant at p<0.05. S. biafrae increased non-significantly the PCV (48.25 %),
9 haemoglobin (16.25 g/dl) and platelet count (289 ×10 / L). A. hybridus lowered the total cholesterol
(89.93 mg/dl), triglyceride (45.38 mg/dl) and LDL (77.65 mg/dl) while S. biafrae increased the HDL
(44.65 mg/dl) level.
Conclusion: The effect of the high-calorie diet was better ameliorated by A. hybridus and S. biafrae.
| 19 |
Author(s):
Uchendu Florence N., Odukoya Oluwakemi O..
Page No : 172-182
|
A Comparative Assessment of High Blood Pressure and Its Dietary Risk Factors among Teaching and Non-Teaching Staff of University of Lagos, Nigeria
Abstract
Objective: This study assessed and compared high-blood-pressure and its dietary-risk-factors among
teaching-and non-teaching staff of University of Lagos, Nigeria.
Methods: A three-stage sampling-technique was used to select 978 respondents from 9 out of 12
University faculties/Senate-building. Respondents' socio-demographic-information and HBP dietary-riskfactors
were collected using an adapted pre-tested version of WHO-STEPwise-questionnaire. Bloodpressure
was measured using an automatic blood-pressure monitor, sphygmomanometer. Data was
analysed using descriptive-statistics, student-t-test and binary-logistic-regression at p<0.05.
Results: Mean ages were teaching (TS) 48.9±8.56years and non-teaching-staff (NTS) 41.8±9.40years.
Systolic-BP was 127.1±13.44 mmHg and 123.6±16.15mmHg for TS and NTS respectively; Diastolic-BP
79.6±7.68mmHg and 78.6±9.57mmHg for TS and NTS respectively. HBP was 24.2% and 22.9% for TS
and NTS using 2003-JNC7 while 2017-guideline was 64.7% and 51.1% for TS and NTS respectively. Fruits
were consumed ≥3days/week by TS (68.1%) and <3days/week by NTS (50.2%). Vegetables were
consumed ≥3days/week by TS (60.5%) and NTS (52.4%); Alcohol: 1-2 days/week 12.6% and 19.5% for TS
and NTS; Addition of extra salt to meals always 2.6% and 3.3% by TS and NTS. Processed-foods consumed
always 9.7% and 15.6% by TS and NTS. Statistically significant association existed between dietary-riskfactors
and HBP (p<0.05). HBP-odds among teaching-staff increased with low-consumption of
vegetables (<3 days/week) (OR = 1.88; 95% CI: (1.17-3.03); p=0.009) and high-consumption of
vegetable-oil (OR = 1.74; 95% CI: (1.08 - 2.80); p=0.022).
Conclusion: Hypertensive non-teaching-staff consumed more of dietary-risk-factors of HBP than
teaching-staff. Workplace nutrition-education and awareness campaign is very crucial.
| 20 |
Author(s):
Uwandu, Chisom Norberth, Bede, Evelyn Njideka, Ariyo, Oluwaseun, Odoemenam, Emeka Festus, Odega, Emmanuel Ekene, Ojo, Tomilola Juliana.
Page No : 183-191
|
Assessment of Nutrient Intake among Rural Farming Households in Imo State, Nigeria
Abstract
Background: Adequate nutrient intake is one of the key promoters of good health. An inadequate diet,
poor in both quantity and quality constitutes the major reason for high level of malnutrition among
farming households.
Objective: The study assessed nutrient intake among rural farming households in Imo State, Nigeria.
Methods: A four-staged sampling technique was used to select a total of 122 farming households in Imo
state. Purposively, caregivers in each of the selected households were interviewed. Analysis of nutrient
intake was performed using Food Processor Software version 11.7.1, while all statistical analysis were
performed using SPSS version 23.0. Usual nutrient intake of the farming households' caregivers were
compared with the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI). Caregivers' anthropometric parameters were obtained
using standard instruments.
Results: Averagely, households' breadwinner's monthly income, years spent in education by households'
caregivers, and household size were ₦45000±33500, 12.99±2.53, and 5±2 respectively. Almost half
(51.6%) of the households' caregivers had normal weight. Average contribution of protein, fat and
carbohydrate to the total energy intake were adequate for the households' caregivers. Compared to
recommendations, all the caregivers aged 19-30 years had inadequate intakes of vitamins D and K. Over
83.0% of the households' caregivers aged 31-50 years had inadequate intake of calcium. However, more
than 78.0% of the households' caregivers in each of the age group had excess intake of copper.
Conclusion: The study therefore concludes that mean intake of potassium, calcium, vitamins D and K for
the farming households in the study area were inadequate, while protein intake was adequate.
| 21 |
Author(s):
*Asiegbu, Ucheoma A, Fadupin, Grace T.
Page No : 192-202
|
Demographic Characteristics and Healthcare Utilization among Mothers with Under-5 Children in Rivers State Nigeria
Abstract
Background: Nearly half of the children under five years of age globally die annually mostly from
preventable and treatable causes. Adequate healthcare utilization has been identified as a means of child
survival which is dependent on women's activities and empowerment.
Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the influence of demographic characteristics on
Healthcare Utilization (HCU) of mothers with under-5 children in Rivers state.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was adopted to select data on 330 mother/child pairs in six
Local Government Areas in Rivers state using a four-stage stratified random sampling method. An
interview-administered structured questionnaire was used. HCU was scored. Descriptive statistics, the
Chi-Square test and the general linear modelling were used to analyse the data.
Results: Mothers' age was 29.03±5.66, about 52% had fair HCU and 48.4% had good utilization in the
state. More mothers in the Riverine area (62.3%) had good healthcare utilization than mothers in the
upland area (42.1%). Single mothers had lower healthcare utilization (p = 0.018) than married mothers.
Maternal demographic characteristics generally accounted for about 14% variation in HCU among
mothers with under-5 children in Rivers state.
Conclusion: Maternal healthcare utilization was fair. Maternal demographic characteristics are
important factors that can influence healthcare utilization among mothers in Rivers state. This study,
therefore recommends a sensitization program to improve healthcare utilization among mothers in Rivers
state.
| 22 |
Author(s):
Bamisaye Fisayo Abraham, Adebayo Ganiyu Babatunde, Otunola Gloria Aderonke, Oyegoke Titilayo Olubunmi.
Page No : 203-209
|
Nutrient and Mineral Contents of Traditional Porridge ‘Ikokore’ Prepared with Different Yam Species
Abstract
Background: “Ikokore” is originated from Ijebu tribe located in Ogun State but the meal has gained
popularity and prepared among many other tribes of Nigeria this day. However, little is known about the
nutritional status of this meal. Therefore this study aimed at investigating and comparing the nutrient
contents of this meal.
Methods: Equal amount of water, smoked fish, grounded pepper, fermented melon seed and salt were
added into each pot corresponding to a yam specie, mixed and boiled for 10 minutes. Then 500 g each of
peeled and grated yam species were added to each pot and again boil for 10 minutes. Finally, equal
amount of palm oil was also added and allowed to simmer for another 10 minutes and thereafter stirred
well to obtain “Ikokore” meal. Their proximate analysis, macronutrients and mineral contents were then
determined.
Results: “Ikokore” from D. alata had significantly higher (P < 0.05) moisture (74.58%), ash 10.74%) and
protein (8.70%) contents compared with those of D. rotundata and C. esculenta. “Ikokore” from D.
rotundata had highest fibre (4.00%) compared with others. D. alata contains the highest number of
minerals compared with the other two species. However, potassium (4.983 ± 149.00 g/ppm) and iron
(2216.834 ± 100 g/ppm) contents of “ikokore” prepared with D. rotundata were significantly higher than
those of D. alata and C. esculenta. Manganese was not detected in the meals.
Conclusion: The three “Ikokore” meals are fairly good sources of energy, minerals and other nutrient
macromolecules with D. alata revealing better results.
| 23 |
Author(s):
Akujobi, I.C.
Page No : 210-217
|
Nutrition Knowledge, Complementary Feeding Practices and use of Food Labels amongst Young Mothers in Owerri Metropolis
Abstract
Background: Maternal nutrition knowledge is important for the selection of appropriate foods that will
meet the nutritional demands of infants.
Objective: To evaluate the nutrition knowledge, complementary feeding practices and use of food label
among young mothers in Owerri Metropolis.
Methods: It was a cross sectional survey comprising of 300 mothers between 18-30 years. Respondents
for the study were randomly drawn from mothers attending maternal and child health clinic in five
hospitals and five maternity clinics as well as five private crèche and five public crèche in Owerri
metropolis, Imo state. A well-structured and validated questionnaire was administered to collect
information on socio economic data, nutritional knowledge, complementary feeding practices and use of
food label. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson's bivariate correlations with SPSS
version 21.0.
Results: Approximately 36.3% of the respondents had Masters degree, 58.0% were civil servants while
66.7% had good nutrition knowledge. Approximately 50.7% of the respondents introduced
complementary foods at 3 months, pap was the major complementary food given by 65.3% of the
respondents, 72% stopped breastfeeding at 9-12 months while 54.3% feed their infants up to 7 times daily.
Most (95.3%) of the respondents read food labels, 60.0% regard food label to be very important while
56.3% seek for best before date.
Conclusion: This study revealed that more than half of the mothers in Owerri metropolis have good
nutrition knowledge, however the complementary feeding practices and utilization of food labels are still
poor.
| 24 |
Author(s):
Adepoju, A. B., Makanjuola, J. O.
Page No : 218-227
|
Assessment of Breastfeeding Practices of Working Mothers in Ilaro, Ogun State
Abstract
Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is important for optimal growth and development of infant.
However, increase in women involvement in labor sector may pose a great barrier to this. Thus, this study
assessed the breastfeeding practices of working mothers in Ilaro.
Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 200 working mothers selected from Ilaro community using
multistage sampling. Semi-structured and self-administered questionnaire was used to elicit data on socio
demographic and economic characteristics, job description, belief on breastfeeding and breastfeeding
practices of the respondents. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25.0
Result: More than half (59.0%) of the respondents were employed in private organizations and 41.0%
were civil servants. Majority (72%) of the respondents work between 8am- 4pm daily. Nearly all the
respondents (93.0%) breastfed their babies their infant from birth, 76.5% gave colostrum and 50% do
breast feed their baby only when demanded. Four out of five breastfeed their infant during the working
hour while 5.5% and 10.5% expressed their breast milk and gave infant formula respectively during the
working hour. More than half (63%) of the respondents had good breastfeeding practices while 23% and
13% were rated fair and poor respectively. Significant associated (p< 0.05) was observed between
respondent's breastfeeding practices and some socio demographic characteristics, job description and
belief on breast feeding practices.
Conclusion: Good breastfeeding practices were observed among the study population and this was
significantly associated with factors like age, estimated monthly income, place of work and some belief on
breastfeeding.
| 25 |
Author(s):
Oladosu Gbenga S, Amoda Oyefunmilayo S.
Page No : 228-237
|
Nutritional Status and Micronutrients Adequacy of Food Consumed by Adolescents in School in Abeokuta
Abstract
Background: Micronutrient and nutritional deficiencies remain a serious nutritional problem of
significant importance in low-income countries especially Nigeria. Adolescents are vulnerable because
they are at a stage of biological and psychological growth and nutrition inadequacy at this stage will have
serious nutritional and health consequences.
