| 1 |
Author(s):
Nutrition Society of Nigeria (NSN).
Page No : 1-8
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Securing the Future of Nigerian Adolescents through Nutrition: A Position Paper of the Nutrition Society of Nigeria (NSN)
Abstract
Adolescence (the period from 10 – 19 years of age) is a critical second window of opportunity of
intervention for the improvement of current, future, and intergenerational nutritional health. Though
adolescents have increased nutritional requirement and constitute about 21% (>41m) of Nigerian
population, they remain a largely neglected, difficult-to-measure and hard-to-reach population and have
not been prioritized for nutrition intervention. Consequently, limited information is available on trends in
adolescents nutrition in Nigeria, while anecdotal evidence shows that adolescent malnutrition are
common. Available data has indicated the co-existence of both undenutrition and overnutrition among
Nigerian adolescents. Greater investment in advancing adolescent nutrition is critical to promoting their
health and development which has lifelong implications in order to secure them and their future families,
communities and nation at large. In Nigeria, targeted adolescent nutrition programmes, led by either
public or private sector are rare, though few private sector and government driven interventions have
some adolescent nutrition components. The major challenges affecting adolescent nutrition persist,
including policy gaps, poor coordination and delivery platforms, knowledge and research gaps, and high
rates of adolescent pregnancy. These challenges have limited the prioritization of adolescent nutrition
inclusion in national development agenda resulting in the observed poor nutritional situation of the
adolescents. The Nutrition Society of Nigeria calls for urgent actions by government, development
partners, private sectors and other stakeholders to bridge the identified policy and data gaps, enhance
coordination and increase delivery platforms to reach adolescents with a minimum package of nutrition
interventions giving special consideration for nutritional needs of pregnant adolescent mothers.
| 2 |
Author(s):
Ezeonyeche, Chidiogo L, Onyeke, Nkechi G, Eze, Scholastica N, Ezeaku, Ebube.
Page No : 9-16
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Strategies Used by Housewives in Meeting the Food Needs of Families in Edem Community, Nsukka Local Government Area, Enugu State.
Abstract
Background: For the optimum development, survival, growth and good health of family members, food
as an important basic human need is required. Therefore, hunger and malnutrition among members
results when their food needs are not met.
Objective: The study investigated the strategies used by housewives in meeting the food needs of families
in Edem community, Nsukka L.G.A., Enugu State.
Methods: Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The study population comprised
of 3,257 housewives in Edem community. The sample size was 107 housewives who were selected from
the total population using simple random sampling. A structured questionnaire was used for data
collection. Data collected were analysed using means and standard deviation.
Result: The findings of this study showed that strategies employed by housewives in meeting the food
needs of family members in Edem include, home gardening, buying food in season and bulk purchase
among others. In addition, inflation, low income level and harsh weather and climate conditions, are
among the economic factors that affect the availability of food items in families. The result also showed
factors that affect the food needs of family which include finance, preference and food in season among
others. Major meals consumed by families in Edem community include maize pudding, bean pottage and
jollof rice among others.
Conclusion: The nutritional competence of housewives helps them with the knowledge of food in season
and in making wise budgets for food items; which in turn helps them to meet the food needs of family
members.
| 3 |
Author(s):
Akinbule Oluwafunke, Ayoola Ayotunde, Oladoyinbo Catherine, Omidiran Adebukola, Omonhinmin Imoetin.
Page No : 17-29
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Socio-economic Determinants, Behavioural Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases and Nutritional Anthropometry of Students of Public Tertiary Institutions in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is becoming common among younger age-groups and
both socio-economic and behavioural risk factors play major role in CVDs development.
Objective: To assess socio-economic determinant, behavioural risk factors for CVDs and nutritional
anthropometry of students in public tertiary institutions in Abeokuta.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 350 respondents using stratified random sampling.
Data on socio-economic and behavioural risk factors (smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity
status) were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Dietary habit was assessed using a validated
adapted questionnaire, nutritional anthropometry (body weight, height, waist and hip circumferences)
were measured using standard procedures. Data were analysed for descriptive statistics. Chi-square and
Pearson's correlation were used to test for association among variables using statistical package for social
science, version 20.
Results: Only 4.9% respondents smoke, 40.9% consume alcohol, 65.5% engage in physical activity 90.3%
skipped meal, 65.9% consumed carbonated beverages (CB) for >2 days/week, 28.6% snacked on fried
and sweet foods for >2 days/week, 64.5% consumed fried foods for >2 days/week. Underweight and
overweight were more prevalent in females (16.1% and 16.4%) than male (6.1% and 13.7%), while obesity
was more prevalent in males (9.2%) than females (5.9%). Estimated monthly income was associated with
dietary habit, consumption of CB and alcohol were associated with BMI, smoking and dietary habit were
associated with abdominal obesity (AO).
Conclusion:Socio-economic and behavioural risk factors significantly contribute to overweight and
obesity which are risk factors for CVDs and other non-communicable diseases.
| 4 |
Author(s):
Oladoyinbo C. A, Bamidele A. B, Omoniyi B. D, Akinbule O. O..
Page No : 30-39
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Nutrient Intake Adequacy among Older Adults in Rural Communities of Obafemi Owode Local Government Area, Ogun State
Abstract
Background: The process of aging is associated with various physiological changes thus making the
older adults vulnerable to malnutrition.
Objective: This study aims to assess the Nutrient intake adequacy of the older adults in rural communities
of Obafemi Owode Local Government Area, Ogun State.
Methods: This study which was cross-sectional in design was carried out among 372 respondents. Biodata
of the respondents was collected using a well-structured interviewer's administered questionnaire.
Anthropometric measurements were taken using appropriate instruments. Dietary intake was assessed
using a single day multi-pass-24-hour recall questionnaire and a single day weighed-food intake was
taken for 30 respondents. Adapted Total Dietary Assessment software was used to convert food intake into
nutrient intake. SPSS version 20 was used to process all data.
Result: About half (54.3%) of the respondents were overweight and 38.7% of the respondents were obese.
There was a significant association between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Circumference (P=0.001),
BMI and age (P=0.001), BMI and working situation (P=0.001).This study found out that 62.6% and
55.6%of the respondents had inadequate intake of energy and carbohydrate. Also, 74.5%, 53.8%, 86.3%
and 74.2% of the respondents had inadequate intake of potassium, magnesium, calcium and Vitamin C
respectively. There was no significant difference between the actual nutrient intake from the 24-hour
recall and the weighed food intake of the respondents except for protein (P=0.001).
Conclusion: Most of the respondents had inadequate intake of energy, carbohydrate and some micronutrients
which can predispose to malnutrition.
| 5 |
Author(s):
Omidiran Adebukola T., Sogelola Abiola A., Akinbule Oluwafunke O..
Page No : 40-52
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Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Yellow Yam (Dioscorea Cayenensis) Starches and Sensory Quality of Its Custard
Abstract
Background: Corn has been the major source of starch used in the production of custard. Therefore there
is need to harness other sources of starch for the production of custard.
Objective: This study evaluated some physicochemical and functional properties of starches extracted
from two varieties (TDC2790 and TDC2812) of yellow yam (Dioscorea cayenensis) and cornstarch and the
sensory attributes of the custard made from the starches.
Methods: Weights of the yam were measured and starch extraction was carried using standard laboratory
procedures. Starch yield was calculated, proximate composition, amylose and amylopectin contents,
carotenoid, colour and functional properties were determined.
Results: Percentage starch yield from TDC2790 and TDC2812 were 18.97% and 12.50% respectively.
Amylose and amylopectin content ranged from 16.10-31.46% and 68.54-83.90%, respectively in the
starches, the general low content of amylose in the starches. Carotenoid content ranged from 3.15-
6.93μg/g, large variation in total carotenoid content observed among the starches was a reflection of the
wide spectrum of the colour of flesh of the yellow yam tubers.
Conclusion: Carotenoid content, functional properties of the starches and sensory attributes of the
custard differ significantly (p<0.05). The values for turbidity of starch paste increased progressively during
storage and this can be attributed to the interaction between leached amylose and amylopectin chains
that led to development of function zones, which reflect or scatter a significant amount of light.
| 6 |
Author(s):
Akinbule, Oluwafunke O., Onabanjo, Oluseye O., Sanni, Silifat A., Adegunwa, Mojisola O., Fasogbon, Boluwatife T., Balogun, Toluwani O., Osinbowale, Oluwadara D, Adeniji, Adefisayo E.
Page No : 53-63
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Standardization and Proximate Contents of Selected Commonly Consumed Nigerian Soups and Dishes
Abstract
Background: The change in the dietary pattern of Nigerians to a more western diet has been implicated
in adverse health outcomes increassing in the prevalence of undernutrition and chronic diseases.
Availability of recent data on recipe and nutrient content of foods as consumed is crucial in disease
management and dietary intake studies.
Objective: This study standardized and determined proximate contents of selected commonly consumed
Nigerian soups and dishes.
Materials and methods: A cross-sectional and convergent parallel design was adopted. Recipe of soups
and dishes of households were obtained from 800 purposively selected housewives in Lagos, Ogun, Oyo
and Osun States, Nigeria using semi-structured questionnaire and 4 focus-group discussion sessions.
Recipes were standardized, soup and dish samples were prepared and analyzed for proximate contents
using standard methods of AOAC. Data were analyzed using median, mean and standard deviation using
Microsoft excel office 2019 software.
Results: Moisture content of the soups and dishes ranged from 40.54–85.49 g/100g, carbohydrate
content ranged from 0.74–32.53 g/100g, protein content ranged from 4.49–26.85 g/100g, fat content
ranged from 6.03–21.81 g/100g, crude fibre content ranged from 0.24–2.38 g/100g and ash content
ranged from 0.24–3.00 g/100g.
Conclusion:Soups had higher protein, fat and crude fibre contents while dishes had higher carbohydrate
contents.Habitual consumption of most of these soups and dishes may promote healthy dietary lifestyle
and reduce diet-related disease risk.
| 7 |
Author(s):
Ndubuisi, G.C., Okorie, I..
Page No : 64-75
|
Food Habits and Mini Nutrition Assessment Status of Older Adults (60 Years and Above) in Umuahia South Local Government Area of Abia State.
Abstract
Introduction: Malnutrition is one of the most serious problems of the older adults, with degenerative
changes resulting in unintended weight loss. These have negative impact on the anthropometric/health
status, psychological well-being and the quality of live among the older persons.
Objective: The study assessed the food habits and mini nutrition assessment (MNA) status of the older
adults in Umuahia South Local Government Area of Abia State.
Methods: A multi stage random sampling was used to select the subjects; Two hundred and forty-five
(245) subjects (60.8% Female and 39.2% Male) in four clans. A structured and validated questionnaire
was used to obtain information on the socio-economic characteristics, food habits and food frequency of
the respondents. Mini nutritional assessment (MNA) and anthropometric measurements were carried out.
Descriptive statistics was used to analyze data on socio-economic characteristics, food habits and food
frequency questionnaire (FFQ) while the mini nutrition assessment was analysed using scores and
percentages. Body Mass Index (BMI) and Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) were computed using
standard values, while chi-square was used to identify relationship between food habits and MNA status.
Results: The MNA result showed that 65.6% male older adults were at risk of malnutrition compared to
77.2% of their female counterparts. There was significant difference (P< 0.05) between skipping of meals,
availability of cooked food and MNA status of the older adults. Conclusion: It is important to pay attention
to risk factors that could compromise the ability of the older persons to manage their diet.
| 8 |
Author(s):
Innocent U. Okagu, Joseph C. Ndefo, Emmanuel C. Aham, Chiagozie Paul-Onyia, Emmanuella T. Eze, Whitney C. Okonkwo, Maria-Teresa O. Ntima, MaryJane O. Obiorah.
Page No : 76-84
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Comparative Study on the Nutritional Properties of Citrullus colocynthis, Irvingia gabonensis and I. wombolu Seeds
Abstract
Background: The effects of malnutrition due to food insecurity demand continuous and urgent efforts to
salvage the situations. There are needs to compare the nutritional and anti-nutritional status of edible
plant materials commonly used to help consumers make a scientific-based informed decision.
Objective: to determine and compare the nutritional and anti-nutritional contents of three seeds -
Citrullus colocynthis, Irvingia gabonensis and I. wombolu.
Materials and methods: The seeds sourced from Nsukka Market and were analyzed for mineral,
proximate, vitamin and anti-nutrient compositions using standard protocols.
Results: The concentration of sodium, copper, magnesium, zinc and phosphorous were higher in C.
colocynthis seed compared to Irvingia species. I. wombolu had the highest calcium, and potassium
contents. I. gabonensis had the highest iron content. C. colocynthis had the highest protein content, while
the two Irvingia seeds had higher total fats, fatty acids, and calorific values compared to C. colocynthis
seed. Vitamin C, in C. colocynthis was the least total vitamin content and the least antinutrient.
Conclusion: This study demonstrates that seeds of Citrullus colocynthis, Irvingia gabonensis and I.
wombolu are rich in nutritive factors, in varying proportions, and are low in antinutrient contents. With the
results of this comparative study, consumers are therefore encouraged to make evidence-based decision
on the choice of the seed to consume in line with their nutritional and health needs.
| 9 |
Author(s):
Kingsley Omogiade Idahor.
Page No : 85-92
|
Shelf Life of Fowl Fresh Eggs Stored in Locally Fabricated Egg Pack Kept in Different Storage Conditions
Abstract
Background: Poultry egg is an excellent source of high quality proteins, lipids, minerals, vitamins, water
and carbohydrates. Unfortunately, it is perishable in nature hence the quest for storage conditions that will
prolong the shelf life yet maintains the nutritional quality.
Objective: Although several techniques to store fresh eggs have been reported, little is known about
using airtight packs. Therefore, this study evaluated the quality of fresh eggs kept in airtight packs stored at
different environmental conditions.
Methods: Fabricated egg packs were used in storing 30 fowl fresh eggs each in the Freezer, Kitchen and
Sales-outlet for 30 days. Data on temperature, egg weight and spoilage were collected and subjected to
descriptive statistics and ANOVA at 0.05.
Results: Kitchen and Sales-outlet temperature varied from 32 – 41oC and 30 – 34oC, accordingly but that
of Freezer was not determined. Eggs stored in the Freezer (14.58g) and Kitchen (13.92g) lost more weight,
compared to 5.31g recorded in the Sales-outlet. Percentage egg weight loss was highest (23.65%) in the
Freezer, followed by 22.6% (Kitchen) and 8.38% (Sales-outlet). Even when all (100%) the eggs in the
Freezer cracked, they were observed to maintain normal albumen/yolk colour and viscosity without
offensive smell. While all the eggs (100%) stored in the Kitchen spoilt, 20 eggs (66.7%) in the Sales-outlet
had normal albumen/yolk colour and viscosity without rotten smell.
Conclusion: Consequently, use of airtight pack in storing fresh fowl eggs, maybe feasible in prolonging
the shelf life.
| 10 |
Author(s):
John E. P, Olayiwola I. O.
Page No : 93-100
|
Urban Elderly’s Nutritional Status as Influenced by Topical Issues such as Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure
Abstract
Background: The elderly, because of their low metabolic rate and physical activity level, they required a
balance in nutrient intake and energy expenditure, but due to changing social structures in Nigeria, lack of
the significance of exercise, their energy expenditure might be lesser than stored energy.
Objective: This study aimed to assess the influence of physical activity and energy expenditure of urban
elderly's on their nutritional status.
Methods: The study was conducted on 220 elderly's in the Urban Areas of Abeokuta South Local
Government, Ogun State, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the activities engaged in
and time allocated, which was subjected to NutriSurvey2007software for analysis. Anthropometric
measurements were taken and BMI was calculated. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to
describe and determine the relationship between variables using SPSS. P-value ≤0.05 was considered
statistically significant.
Results: A Higher percentage (36.4%) of the respondents engaged in general activities that consumed
little energy. This greatly affects their nutritional status, which was reflected in BMI classification where
majority were Overweight (55.91%), 21.36% were Obese I, and 0.91% were Obese II. Comparing the
association between their energy expenditure and nutritional status, it was statistically significance at
p<0.05.
Conclusion: Less energy expended by the elderly's affects their BMI. Therefore, there is a need for regular
exercise for elderly's in the study area at-least 30minutes road walk per day, this can make them less
susceptible to illnesses related to people living a sedentary lifestyle.
| 11 |
Author(s):
Ubosi, N. I., Anetor, G O., Bolajoko, O.O, Agbu J..
Page No : 102-107
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Knowledge, Attitude, and Perception of Pregnant Women Entrepreneurs Towards Attending Antenatal Care Clinic At Chika/Aleyita, Abuja Municipal Area Council
Abstract
Background: Poor antenatal care attendance has continued to affect maternal and child health against
Sustainable Development Goal to reduce the global maternal mortality ratio, end preventable deaths of
newborns, and decrease neonatal death.
Objectives: This study assessed pregnant women entrepreneurs' knowledge, attitude, and perception
towards attending antenatal care clinics in Chika/Aleyita Area.
Methodology: About 200 women entrepreneurs who gave informed consent were recruited into the
study. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to obtain information on knowledge, perception, and
attitude towards antenatal clinic visits. Data were analysed using frequency counts, percentages, mean
and Chi-Square analysis.
Results: The respondents aged 25-35 years were 57.6%, 94.9% were married, and 50% had a secondary
education certificate. Some were selling fruits and vegetables (39.3%), while 28% were into cosmetics.
Majority (89.3%) attended antenatal clinic in the hospital. The awareness of antenatal before pregnancy
(p<0.001), need for tetanus immunization (p<0.001), routine medication intake (p<0.001), hospital as
the best delivery place (p<0.001), and awareness of the need for at least five antenatal attendance
(p<0.001) were significantly associated with antenatal attendance. However, the number of pregnancies
was not associated with antenatal attendance (p=0.31).
Conclusion: Public health workers, nurses, and midwives should intensify their health education
strategies to help mothers understand the implication and the benefit of antenatal care.
| 12 |
Author(s):
Onu, R.O, Okwori, E, Natala, C, Akpusugh, R. A.
Page No : 108-113
|
Assessment of Nutritional Knowledge and Feeding Behaviour of Children in Some Selected Day Care Centres in Sabon- Gari L.G.A Kaduna, Nigeria
Abstract
Background: Adequate nutrition is useful not only for the survival of the child but also for maximum
physical, mental and social development. Thus, Day Care Centres have a responsibility to promote and
practice a balanced nutrition education which constitutes knowledge in Child nutrition and feeding
behaviour and forms an integral part of childhood development to Adulthood.
Objective: The study objective was to assess the knowledge of child nutrition and feeding behaviour of
Caregivers in Day Care Centres in Sabo-Gari Local Government of Kaduna State.
Methods: The study used descriptive survey research. The study population comprised of all teachers and
attendants in Day Care Centres in Sabo-gari Local Government Area. Multistage sampling technique was
used to select the day care* Centres (n=80) and the respondents (n=40). Questionnaire was used to
collect the information from the respondents. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics of
frequency and percentages.
Results: Indicated that majority which represented 65% of the respondents have the requisite knowledge
regarding Children nutrition. About 20.5% of the respondents were conversant with the different feeding
behaviours attributed to children. A total of 25% of the respondents had adequate knowledge of both child
nutrition and feeding behaviour necessary for a balanced nutritional education in early childhood.
Conclusion: There is a need to promote nutrition education among day care* Centre operators and to
have the knowledge of developmentally appropriate feeding behaviour of young children as this will help
prevent feeding disorders and behaviour problems.
| 13 |
Author(s):
Okwori, E., Nnam, N. M.
Page No : 114-121
|
Prevalence of Malnutrition among Children Aged 6-59 Months in Kaduna State, Nigeria
Abstract
Background: The World Health Organization quotes malnutrition as a major single threat to the world's
public health.
Objective: The study assessed the anthropometric indices of the under five children from the three
senatorial districts in Kaduna State.
Materials and Methods: A cross sectional descriptive survey was adopted for the study Proportionate
sampling technique was used to select 420 children from a population of 1, 172,43, aged 6- 59 months.
The nutritional status was assessed using a structured questionnaire, anthropometric parameters based on
World Health Organization (WHO) classification of malnutrition, mild (weight for height ratio between -
1SD to -2SD) moderate (-2SD TO-3SD) and severe (less than -3SD), while 24-hour food recall was
obtained on the children looking at the breakfast, lunch and dinner. The data obtained was analyzed
using SPSS version 16.0. Frequency distribution and percentages were used to present anthropometric
status of the children.
Results: Female were 53.8% and 46.2 % male. Anthropometric assessment showed the prevalence of
different categories of malnutrition among the children as severe stunting38.6% moderate stunting 31.4%
while 30% of the children were normal. Severe underweight was 41.24%, moderate underweight 35.2%
and normal was 23.6% while severe wasting was 21.26%, moderate wasting 26.4% while 51% were
normal. Twenty-four (24) hour dietary recall showed the diet of the children is monotonous in nature.
Conclusion: Severe malnutrition exists among children in Kaduna State therefore, there's need for
improvement in the diet and nutritional status of children in the State.
| 14 |
Author(s):
Nnam N.M., Okwori, E..
Page No : 122-129
|
Vitamin A, Iron and Iodine Status of Under Five Children in Kaduna State, Nigeria
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Micronutrient deficiency has been considered as a major risk factor for child survival in
Nigeria, it increases the risk of death from common diseases that affects children. OBJECTIVE: The study
assessed the vitamin A, iron and iodine status of children in Kaduna state.
METHODS: The study was a cross sectional descriptive survey research. Children aged 6-59 months (84
subjects) were selected using a multi- stage sampling technique. Five milliliters of blood were collected for
analysis of serum retinol and hemoglobin determination. Urinary Iodine Excretion (UIE) was based on the
iodine concentration in urine samples. Vitamin A as serum retinol was determined using Highperformance
liquid chromatography (HPLC), Hemoglobin concentration was determined using Atomic
absorption spectrometry while the UIE level was analyzed using wet digestion method.
RESULTS: Anaemia was more common with female (35.1%) in the study area compared to male (18.93%)
with various haemoglobin level. Children aged 25 – 36 months were the most deficient in anaemia
(16.66%). Urinary iodine deficiency (mild) affected more female (13.09%) than male (10.7%). Children
aged 13 – 24 months (10.71%) were the most affected age group on mild iodine deficiency. Vitamin A
deficiency affected more male (2.38%) than female (1.19%) and the deficiency of vitamin A was found in
ages 25 – 36 months only (2.38%).
CONCLUSION: Vitamin A, iron and iodine deficiencies were mostly observed in children between two to
three years in the study area. Female children were affected most. Routine screening of children, timely
supplementation and intervention will reduce deficiencies in the local government areas and communities
affected in the state.
| 15 |
Author(s):
Folake Olukemi Samuel, Oluyinka Olubukola Oroniran, Bolanle Omolara Otegbayo, Izuchukwu Iwuamadi.
Page No : 130-140
|
Nutrient, Anti-Nutrient Composition and Sensory Attributes of Biscuit Made from Millet-Soy Blends
Abstract
Biscuits are commonly given to children as they grow to become toddlers, and as such efforts should be
made to formulate biscuits to contribute to meeting their energy and other nutrient needs.
Objective: The potential of malted millet and soy in various blends for the development of toddler biscuits
was investigated.
Materials and methods: Malted millet and soybean seeds were processed into flour. Biscuits were
formulated from the flour blends using optimisation through graphical illustration of linear programming
(samples A, E and D), and compared with the traditional trial and error method (samples B and C).
Nutrient and anti-nutrient content and sensory attributes of the biscuit samples were evaluated using
standard methods.
Results: Optimised biscuit samples had low moisture content, ranging from 4.92% to 5.42%. Protein
content of the samples ranged from 11.47% - 20.39% and energy values from 422.36kcal – 473.80kcal.
Sample A had highest value of β – carotene (418.40IU) and vitamin E (0.29ppm). Calcium content of the
biscuit samples ranged from 994.13 – 1218.13% for all the samples, iron was 32.18 – 61.96 ppm and zinc
was 28.41 – 52.08 ppm. Oxalate and trypsin inhibitor ranged from 736.50 mg/kg to 1002.40 mg/kg and
5.82mg/kg to 60.52 mg/kg, with phytate (1450.00mg/kg – 4650.00 mg/kg) and (1045.00mg/kg -
9080.00mg/kg) respectively. Sample A was also the most preferred in the sensory evaluation.
Conclusion: The study showed that the biscuit made from millet-soy blends contained appreciable
quantities of protein, β – carotene, vitamin E, calcium and zinc. The anti-nutritional composition of the
biscuits were found to be within acceptable limits.
| 16 |
Author(s):
Beverly O. Ihejieto, Yetunde O.Olawuyi.
Page No : 141-146
|
Assessing Selected Local Nigerian Foods for Inclusion into the Developed Food Exchange List
Abstract
Food exchange lists were initially developed based on the establishment of principles of good nutrition, as
a dietary management tool used for quantifying diets correctly for people with diabetes. This has overtime
progressed to a general meal planning tool. However, the existing food exchange lists for selected local
foods in Nigeria contain only a few food items. Therefore, an inclusion of more food items to the current
food exchange list for Nigeria will improve its usefulness.
Objective: This aimed at developing a food exchange list with more local foods commonly consumed in
Nigeria. This study addressed the need for inclusion of more commonly consumed Nigerian local foods in
the food exchange list for Nigeria and the need for it in nutrition intervention.
Methods: In this study, a total of seventeen (17) food items were sampled. The food items were
purposefully selected by certain criteria, which includes most importantly that they were not included in
the existing food exchange list for Nigeria. The food samples were grouped according to the methods of
cooking used and a procedure was used to determine the cooked weights and conversion factors.
Results and Conclusion: A Food Exchange List was developed for selected local foods commonly
consumed in Nigeria. It also includes conversion factors for raw foods to cooked foods and the weight and
household measures of cooked foods that are equivalent to 10g and 15g carbohydrates to be used in meal
planning.
| 17 |
Author(s):
Gideon O. Iheme, Happiness C. Ezenwa.
Page No : 147-156
|
Market Place Dietary Habits, Physical Activity Pattern and Anthropometric Status of Market Women in Abia State, Nigeria
Abstract
Background: Activities in the market place, an occupational environment where traders spend bulk of
their productive years, has the capacity to influence the dietary/lifestyle habits and anthropometric status
of market women.
Objectives: This study was designed to assess the market place dietary habits, physical activity level and
anthropometric status of market women in Abia State.
Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed. A multi-stage
sampling technique was used to select 1,360 female traders from eight (8) daily markets in Abia State. Pretested
questionnaire was administered to elicit information on the respondents' market place dietary
habits and physical activity level. Body Mass Index and Waist Hip Ratio was determined and categorized
using recommended standards. All analysis was done using SPSS version 25.
Results: Results revealed that the dietary habits of female traders in Abia state were characterized by
breakfast skipping (60.3%), eating out (63.4%), consumption of carbonated drinks (61.6%) and
confectionaries/pastries (meatpie-77.2%, cake-69.9%, bread/doughnut-69.9%). Market place physical
activity pattern mainly comprised the daily use of commercial/personal vehicles to work (84.0%), long
hours spent in sitting (>3hours – 61.0%) and sitting to attend to customers (30.1%). More than a quarter of
the respondents were obese (26.0%) or at high risk of obesity (30.9%).
Conclusion: The respondents had poor dietary habits and low/sedentary physical activity level in the
market. Also a good number of them were obese. Increased awareness on the impact of market place
activities on health and nutrition will stimulate healthier dietary and lifestyle practices.
| 18 |
Author(s):
Okudu, H.O, Enwereji, O.U.
Page No : 157-163
|
Nutrient Compositions of Banana and Water Melon Enriched Soy – Based Yoghurts
Abstract
Background: Soy-yoghurt is a fermented product from soybean; like other products developed from soybean,
it is a good source of macronutrients and minerals but a poor source of most vitamins. Incorporating
fruits in soy-yoghurt may enhance its vitamin compositions.
Method: Soy- yoghurt was prepared using standard methods. The chemical composition of the yoghurt
samples was determined in duplicate using the AOAC methods. The data generated were analysed using
Statistical product for service solution version 20, means were separated and compared with Duncan
multiple range test and Analysis of Variance, respectively.
Results: Moisture ranged between 82.06 % to 89.60 % in the products. Fat (3.48%), protein (3.33%) and
carbohydrate (10.21%), calcium (118.12 mg/100g) and iron (1.30mg/100g) were significantly higher in
plain soy-yoghurt. Banana and water melon enriched soy-yoghurt was significantly higher in phosphorus
(166.42mg/100g), magnesium (47.60mg/100g) and zinc (2.00mg/100g), while potassium
(174.10mg/100g) was significantly higher in banana enriched soy-yoghurt. Thiamin, (0.24mg/100g),
riboflavin (0.27mg/100g), niacin (0.87mg/100g), ascorbic acid (169.16mg/100g) and β-carotene
(64.11mcg/100g) were significantly higher in soy-yoghurt enriched with both banana and water melon.
Conclusion: The study showed that incorporating both banana and water melon in soy-yoghurt increases
its phosphorus, magnesium, zinc and vitamins values, were significantly higher in banana and water
melon soy-based yoghurt while incorporating with banana alone enhances the potassium value better.
| 19 |
Author(s):
Ariyo Oluwaseun, Okareh, Oladapo Titus, Oloyede Fiyinfoluwa, Okoror Titilayo Ainegbesua.
Page No : 164-173
|
Effects of Photo-Voice Approach on Recall Accuracy in 24-Hour Dietary Assessment Procedure among University of Ibadan Undergraduate Students
Abstract
Background: Misreporting in 24-hour dietary recall procedure limits establishing diet-disease
relationship, thus, innovations to improve recall accuracy is desirable.
Objective: This study was designed to assess the effects of photo-voice approach on 24-hour dietary
recall accuracy among undergraduate students.
Method: This cross-sectional study involved 200 undergraduate students selected using a simple random
sampling from a pool of consenting students using WhatsApp-enabled smartphones. Socio-demographic
characteristics and dietary intake data were obtained using semi-structured questionnaire. Respondents
were prompted to capture and submit daily foods and drinks consumption and randomly sampled for
assessment over a 30-day period. Dietary intake was assessed using 24-hour multi-pass recall and
photovoice-aided 24-hour multi-pass recall same day. Energy and nutrients intake and percentage
difference in the two approaches were calculated and compared using descriptive statistics and Chisquare
test (p≤0.05).
Results: Age was 21.0±1.8 years and 57.5% were males. Estimated intakes of energy (1701.2±795.3;
1684.4±774.4)kcal, Protein (50.6±29.1; 50.1±28.1)g, Vitamin A (2712.5±1903.4;
2149.5±1747.4)RE and other nutrients were largely higher with photovoice-aided than conventional
24-hour recall approach, respectively. Large underreporting of phosphorus (-76.7%); thiamin (-72.7%),
vitamin A (-26.2%), and vitamin C (-10.1%); and overreporting of vitamins B6 (+33.3%); B2 (+11.1%),
and B12 (+17.6%) were observed. Recall accuracy for energy (+15.2%; -8.2%); thiamin (+21.4%; -
58.5%); riboflavin (+27.3%; -24.2%), vitamin B6 (+9.1%; -18.6%), folate (+27.8%; -12.2%), calcium
(+11.3%; -17.9%), zinc (+10.9%;-2.6%) and iron (+14.1%; -8.2%) differed significantly in female and
male respondents, respectively.
Conclusion: Application of photo-voice methodology improves recall accuracy in 24-hour dietary recall
procedure and reflects gender difference in recall accuracy.
| 20 |
Author(s):
Osagie Ekhator, Osasere Abike Omoruyi, Theophilus Elohor Theophilus, Gloria Akhilomen.
Page No : 174-181
|
A Projection into the Quality of Phytoplankton Consumed by Primary and Secondary Consumers in Areas Exposed to Water Soluble Fractions (Wsf) of Petroleum Products using Protein and Carbohydrate Biomolecules.
Abstract
Background: Plants and algae (primary producers) manufacture their own food which other animals
(primary and secondary consumers) now depend on to survive. However, the environment where these
primary producers manufacture their food is important in the quality of nutrients supplied along the food
chain.
Objective: To ascertain if the phytoplankton in polluted aquatic environments produce quality nutrients
for the primary and secondary consumers.
Methods: Pandorinamorum, was used in the study. The ratio of 1:9 of oil to water was used to get the
water soluble fraction (WSF) of diesel and kerosene fuel oil respectively. The species was exposed to
various concentrations of WSF of diesel and kerosene fuel oils in an experiment that lasted for 14 days. The
effects of these WSFs were also tested on the species protein and carbohydrates biomolecules. Absorbance
readings were taken using a Jenway Spectrophotometer at 2 days intervals.
Results: Pandorinamorum was inhibited at all concentrations of WSF of diesel oil while WSF of kerosene
inhibited growth at higher concentrations of 75% and 100% but stimulated growth at lower
concentrations. The biomolecules assessed showed signs of being suppressed by the fluctuations observed
throughout the experiment.
Conclusion: Primary and secondary consumers that feed on phytoplankton algae in areas exposed to
WSF of petroleum products may not have the best of nutrients from their primary producers in that
environment due to poor synthesis of algal biomolecules.
| 21 |
Author(s):
Maxwell Y. M. O, Zubair A. B., Femi F. A., Jiya M. J, Tazan R. O..
Page No : 182-187
|
Effect of Storage Time on Spiced Tiger-Nut Extract (Kunun Aya)
Abstract
Background: : Tiger-nut beverage is popularly known in the northern part of Nigeria as kunun aya, it is
widely consumed for its thirst-quenching and nutritive properties.
Objective: This study determined the effect of storage time on spiced tiger-nut extract.
Methods: One kilogram of the fresh tiger nuts was blended several times into slurry with water. The slurry
was pressed using muslin cloth to recover the extract. The tiger nut extract was mixed with ginger, clove,
date and sugar at a varied ratio of 8:2 and 7:1:1:1, i.e. tiger nut to ginger, to clove, to date. The extract was
stirred thoroughly to have the spices and sugar properly dissolved.
Results: Results of the proximate analyses revealed a range of 87.4-90.0% for moisture. The crude protein
ranged from 3.3-3.6% with the samples containing tiger nut and date being significantly different from the
others. The fat content ranged from 2.5-4.8% while the energy and carbohydrate contents ranged
between 56.6-71.7Kcal and 1.74-6.1% respectively. The bacterial count of the Kunun-aya samples
ranged from 1.2-9.2×104 CFU/ml and fungal count ranged from 1.2-9.0×104 CFU/ml on days 1, 3 and
5, respectively. Bacterial and fungal counts of the samples generally increased with the storage period and
the samples with 20% inclusion of clove and 10% inclusion of ginger, clove and date respectively were the
most acceptable among the treated samples.
Conclusion: The study revealed that samples with inclusion of 20% clove and 10% ginger, clove and
date respectively were the most acceptable among the treated samples.
| 22 |
Author(s):
Folorunso, A.A, Soyebo, K.O, Bakare, K.O, Oladeji, D.
Page No : 188-194
|
Quality Improvement of Biscuits using Citrus Peels and Date Palm Fruits
Abstract
Background: Several studies have been made on the use and function of citrus rind and date fruit and it
has been found that they are healthy foods.
Objective: To develop a healthy biscuit incorporated with citrus peels and date fruit powders and also to
determine the nutritional composition and sensory quality of the biscuits samples.
Material and Methods: Experimental method was used to produce four samples of biscuits using 10% of
three different citrus peels (orange, tangerine and lemon) with date flour blends and the control sample
with refined sugar. Production of biscuit samples was done under the same conditions. Proximate and
mineral contents were determined using standard methods. Sensory attributes were also evaluated using
50 panelists selected among staff and students of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, using a nine point
hedonic scale.
Results: Results showed that the biscuits samples produced with 10% lemon peel powder had the highest
protein (18.15 ± 0.05% DM), ash (2.32 ± 0.02 % DM), calcium (8.95 ± 0.00mg/100g), potassium (60.14
± 0.01mg/100g) and sodium (62.06 ± 0.02 mg/100g) contents and biscuits sample containing 10%
orange peel powder had the highest fiber (2.64 ± 0.02% DM) content. The results of the Sensory analysis
showed that the biscuits containing 10% lemon peel powder was rated the highest in color (7.88 ± 1.32),
flavor (7.68 ± 1.28), texture (7.72 ± 1.31) and overall acceptability (7.60 ± 1.73) .
Conclusion: The incorporation of wheat biscuits with 10% citrus peels powder and 30g date powder
indicated an enhanced nutritional value.
